The Effects Of Physical Activity On Childhood Obesity Essay

I choose the topic of physical activity as the importance of preventing childhood obesity. Because childhood obesity is increasing worldwide and corrupting the lives of millions of children who won’t survive into their adulthood. Childhood obesity is a serious health issue that’s facing the United States. This topic captivated my attention to understanding the main problems and solutions to combating childhood obesity after watching; â€Å"Weight of the Nation† Children in Crisis. The types of information I found on the creditable and non-creditable websites and blogs were steps on how to prevent childhood obesity by incorporating exercise into children daily life’s routines. Changes overweight and obese children encounter throughout the childhood up until adolescents. For example, behavioral, psychological, social and even physical. The explanations of the main types of physical activity. Causes and Consequences of childhood obesity. Health risks found in children like Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hypertension. The different physical activity guideline recommendations for children on the amount of time required for the child to stay active and healthy. Majority of the people who are interested in the information would find it very useful. As well as, give them a sense of knowledge on the childhood obesity epidemic in the United States. Also, if you never knew what childhood obesity was and what caused it and how to prevent childhood obesity from entering into adulthoodShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Physical Activity On Childhood Obesity3263 Words   |  14 Pagesextent does physical activity play a role in childhood obesity? Eduardo San Jorge 2723761 DIE 4564 Abstract Obesity has grown exponentially worldwide over the last 20 years and is an increasing global epidemic. Overweight and obesity are most evident and most likely to be problems in children, impacting both their physical and psychological development and overall health. Having excessive body fat is a characteristic of the obese and overweight population. Obesity developmentRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Developing Problem1197 Words   |  5 PagesObesity in America is a developing problem, and not just in adults. Today, one in three American children and teens are either overweight or obese; almost triple the rate previously in 1963. Child obesity has expeditiously become one of the most genuine health challenges of the 21st century (â€Å"10 Surprising Facts About Childhood Obesity†). Physical inactivity, race, junk food in schools, the mass media, and the child’s parents flaws are all factors that have resulted in the prevalence of childhoodRead MorePolicy Priority Issue : The Childhood Obesity Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesPolicy priority issue: The childhood obesity Childhood obesity is one of the major public health challenges of the 21st century. The prevalence of obesity is increasing globally. In 2013, the number of overweight children under the age of five was estimated over 42 million. Childhood obesity can cause premature death and disability in adulthood. Overweight and obese children will grow up to become obese adults and are more likely to develop diseases like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes at aRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Condition Of Being Grossly Fat And Overweight937 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood Obesity. Childhood Obesity is a condition of being grossly fat and overweight. When someone exceeds a certain weight for a given height they are considered obese. Lifestyle issues such as too little activities and too many calories from drinks are main contributors of childhood obesity. People eat for two reasons and those are either comfort eat or appetite eat. A study have shown that kids who go without breakfast before school are more likely than classmates to be inactive, unfit andRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood obesity is at an all-time high in the United States and should be a major concern for the nation. With childhood obesity steadily rising, it is imperative that actions be implemented to offset this trend. Childhood obesity places children at a significantly higher risk for a multitude of physical and psychological health concerns. It is important to understand the actions that have been set in motion that attempt to resolve thi s issue. Additionally, it should be determined if these actionsRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay examples1472 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica childhood obesity was rarely a topic of conversation. A survey done in the early 1970s showed that 6.1% of children between the ages 12 and 19 were overweight. Eight years later the same survey was done and 17.4% were considered overweight (Iannelli). â€Å"Childhood obesity epidemic in America is now a confirmed fact since the number of overweight or obese children has more than tripled during the last 30 years† (Childhood Obesity Epidemic). â€Å"Over the last 20 years, the prevalence of obesity in childrenRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is A Medical Condition1109 Words   |  5 Pages Childhood obesity is a medical condition that is found in children, teenagers and middle aged people. Everyone has a unique body shape and structure that is engineered right for them but sometimes the body will store more body fat than required. If an individual stores more fat than an average person is supposed to, then they can be categorized as obese. Childhood obesity can be identified seeing if the weight of a child is well above that of an average for a child s height and age. For anRead MoreObesity Is The Reason Our Youth972 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction Childhood obesity has been on a steady incline over the past 30 years and is considered a serious public health concern, especially in elementary school aged children. According to the US Surgeon General, nearly one in three children are overweight or obese (US Department of Human Health Services, 2014). The American Heart Association (2010) has age and sex specific growth charts that show the calculation of children’s BMI using their height and weight. When children’s weight isRead MoreWhat Are The Largest Problems That Plague America? Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesWhile these things are important, and do have a great impact on the country, there is another large and often forgotten issue that faces America: childhood obesity. This nationwide problem is also directly harmful to the strength and conditioning industry. Physical education classes are failing to involve kids in the necessary amount of daily physical activity. Parents are lacking proactivity to get ki ds exercising. Food marketing is aggressively drawing children to junk food, and restaurants are failingRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children And The Dangers Associated With This Rise1438 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscussing the recent increase of obesity rates in children and the dangers associated with this rise. The research focused specifically on children who had survived cancer and later developed obesity, causing more complications in their health. This rise of obesity in child cancer survivors has been linked to numerous potential factors causing an increase in the possibility of developing this disease. The potential factors that increase the risk of childhood obesity in cancer survivors include, treatment

A Simple Trick for African American History Essay Topics Unveiled

A Simple Trick for African American History Essay Topics Unveiled It is advised to divide such a paper into sections. There are lots of selections of topics based on the subject you would decide to compose a paper. It's up to 4000 words in length and will want to get discussed in detail by means of your teacher or supervisor. The important word in the above mentioned paragraphs is think. You'll have heard from numerous sources concerning the selection of topic for your research paper. Take a look at our list of great research topics and paper-writing strategies to assist you in getting started. You will be asked to research widely on the subject you've chosen. Start looking for the international history essay topics in the news or on the internet. If you would like to write a fantastic history essay you'd better select a topic that is familiar to you. The topic ought to be quite controversial once you are writing an argumentative write up. Deciding on the proper essay topic can at times be rather challenging. As a result, if your argumentative history essay topics aren't handled satisfactorily, you're totally free to request corrections. The Start of African American History Essay Topics Don't forget, if you're writing an argument about whether they really existed, you will want to present evidence to back up your argument but will also will need to deal with the counterargument. Because the prolonged essay contains far more words than a normal essay, the option of topic has to be such a good argument can be developed and resolved. When reading through such materials, it's important to take note of the major points which you would utilize to support your argument. Don't neglect to support your arguments. The cost of an essay depends upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. If you would like to compose the essay yourself, we believe it would be best to decide on a universal subject or issue. Maybe you simply do not know the subject well enough, and that's the reason you cannot locate the idea for your history essay. If you would like to choose nice and interesting American history essay topics, you should be conscious they ought to be specific and fairly narrow so that you're able to reflect on a particular problem or issue. The thesis statement needs to be included within this paragraph to permit readers to comprehend the central argument of the paper. Write such value instance, if you're mindful of essay brings with each other to define terms has talked to come up with effective explains how you will. In any case, adequate research and knowing of the material also play a vital role in writing a great essay. If you're looking for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. Afterwards, the best action to do is to narrow the subject down according to the guidelines offered by your professor. You need to be quite sure in regards to the concept that you would like to expand on. Your very first idea is nearly always very likely to be too significant. Discuss its advantages on the folks. Ruthless African American History Essay Topics Strategies Exploited Unless you can locate a great supply of relevant research material, you have to think again about your selection of topic. The data about the real personalities from their nation are available, and it might really contribute to your paper with regard to credibility and research value. Our experts understand how to handle US history essay topics with a bit of class. It's possible to delete specific parts of your history. Look into the terms by itself and make sure that chronological order is adhered to. Thus, when conducting your research, you should be aware the authors of the material. History alumni succeed in a wide array of fields and adjust the world for the better. Analyze the historical importance of the number 13.

Difference Between Life in City and Village Essay Example For Students

Difference Between Life in City and Village Essay Do you know differences between city life and village life? Also, you may think the city life is most comfortable. You know, there are so many differences between them. That is to say, people living in cities are different from people living in the city. There are five major differences between city and village (people) lifestyle. I’m going to write social activities or opportunities, people’s behaviour, most common events, safety and getting good education. First of all; there is big advantage of city life than the village life. There are more opportunities in city. According to internet source (http://dedunu. wordpress. com/ ) the main difference â€Å"there are more opportunities for people to progress in their lives. There are a lot of facilities for people in the city and they have more opportunities for making money. â€Å" What’s more, many parents want to be able to prepare their children with the best education. So they prefer quality education in the city area. The same web search gives evidence â€Å"children living in the city can get a good job education, because there are better schools in the town than in the village. When a person falls ill there are good government and private hospital in the city to get treatment. There are large shops complexions, banks, offices cinemas, hostels, clubs, hospitals†¦etc . in and around the city. So people can lead a comfortable and enjoyable life in the city. † On the other hand, people s behavior in city people is often distant and unfriendly. But in village, they are warm-heated and helpful. For example; if your car breaks down while driving in the village, many people stop to help you but in the city, most people do not care. They just drive past you. What s more, unlike people living in the city, they visit someone often and they know each other well. That is to say, they visit someone often and they know almost everything about their lives whereas most people living in the city don’t even know their next door neighbor’s name. The third interesting difference is that; in village, there are not enough shops or stores. Therefore, the salesman is everywhere in village. So street selling is the most common event. Kalafat (2006) states that â€Å" the assortment of the goods that are sold in the streets has reached unbelievable dimensions. From the street vendors carts all sorts of things from car fires to computers and even pianos are sold â€Å" (p:102) However, in city there are a lot of big shop or store so people don’t prefer street selling. Finally, one of the most important advantages of village life is that it is much safer than the city. There are fewer cars than in the city. Therefore, there is no noise of traffic and no accident. What’s more in village, there is no industrial and factorial pollution. That is to say air is clean and fresh so people can grow fruit which is much healthier. Again the same web source gives evidence â€Å"the village has clean air and the environment is very beautiful. The village has less noise and rush. So the pollution is less. The village has not lot of vehicles. So roads are less dangerous for driving cycling. They can get fresh vegetable and fresh fruits. â€Å" To sum up, city has many advantages over village, because city offers modern life facilities are easily available. I think, although the life in the city is more comfortable and modern than village, I like village life than city. Because, i feel relaxed and safe so if I have to choose between village or city life, I will say village life.

Nuremberg Trials Essays (782 words) - International Criminal Law

Nuremberg Trials After World War II, numerous war-crimes trials tried and convicted many Axis leaders. Judges from Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States tried twenty-two Nazi leaders for: crimes against humanity (mostly about the Holocaust), violating long-established rules of war, and waging aggressive war. This was known as the "Nuremberg Trials." Late in 1946, the German defendants were indicted and arraigned before a war crimes tribunal at Nuremberg. Twenty of the defendants were physicians who, as governmental, military, or SS officials, stood at or near the top of the medical hierarchy of the Third Reich. The other three occupied administrative positions which brought them into close connection with medical affairs. It all started when people started hearing about the Nazi's in human acts, just about four months after World War II started. No one would believe that such a thing would happen. While the people were thinking like that the Jews were being shipped out of the country. Some of them were put in working camps or at a person's farm. This was the beginning of the Final Solution of the German's Problem (the Holocaust). On August 8 the Four Power nation signed the London Agreement. They later named it the International Military Tribunal (IMT), it had 8 judges, one judge and one alternate. This was made so that they would try to stop the Nazi crimes (Rice Jr. 81). They had supplementary Nuremberg hearings that were broken down into twelve trials. In connection with these trials, the U.S. military tribunals had thirty-five defendants and released nineteen of them because they could find anything to get them on (Rice Jr. 76). They made Nuremberg Laws because of Hitler's concentration camps and his other inhuman acts (Rice Jr. 31). He didn't go by the lead system, he made himself the Supreme Judge. Hitler could imprison or execute anyone he wanted to. He made laws keeping Jews out of certain public places or jobs. He wouldn't let Jews have German citizenship. The Nuremberg Laws stated that there would be no more inhuman acts or segregation of Jews. One of the positive sides of the Nuremberg incident was the trials documented Nazi crimes for posterity. Many citizens of the world remember hearing about the Nazi's brutalities and inhuman acts (Rice Jr., 5). Hundreds of official Nazi documents entered into evidence at Nuremberg tell the horrible tale of the Third Reich in the Nazi's own words. Six million Jews, and others not liked by the Nazis were killed. Not one convicted Nazi denied that the mass killing had occurred. Each disclaimed only personal knowledge and responsibility. The negative things that happened at Nuremberg were the establishment of the I.M.T. has yet to lead to a permanent counterpart before which crimes against humanity can be tried. Twenty-four wars between nations and ninety-three civil wars or insurgencies between 1945 and 1992, no international body had been convened to try aggressor nations or individuals accused of war crimes. To prosecute and punish aggression rest still on the wavering will of an international community ever reluctant to impose sanctions on offending governments (Rice Jr. 100). Despite the reluctance of nations to unite in common cause and move swiftly toward a lasting road to aggression, hope yes abides for the best of Nuremberg's brightest promise. The world had a problem of what to do about the Nazi regime that had presided over the extermination of some six million Jews and deaths of millions of others with no basis in military necessity. Never before in history had the victors tried the vanquished for crimes committed during a war (Rice Jr., 97). Yet never in history had the vanquished perpetrated crimes of such inhumanity. The I.M.T., like the courts in many countries, have held to the principle that persons committing a criminal violation of international law are responsible for violation, on the grounds that crimes of this nature are the result of their own acts (Rice 1492). The tribunal thought for crimes carried out on orders from above, since many of the crimes had been committed in one with the Reich policy (Rice 1493). The portion of the I.M.T. judgment dealing with war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by the defendants in the trial and by the criminal organizations concerns, in large measure, the persecution and murder of the Jewish people. In its analysis of these crimes, the I.M.T. found it appropriate to single out the persecution of the Jews as a manifestation of consistent and systematic in humanity on a huge scale (Rice 1493). The testimony

Free Essays on Tinnenaman Square

The Student Movement of Tiananmen Square; A Democratic Movement or Merely a Call for Reform? The economic reforms instituted by Deng Xiaoping during the late 1970’s eased the pressure of daily life for Chinese people. As freedom increased within the economic sector, some Chinese citizens began to call for political change to compliment the increased economic openness. Prior to the spring of 1989, a myriad of economic, political and social problems pervaded Chinese society. The economic reforms that Deng Xiaoping initiated, at first boosted the Chinese economy and then sent it into massive disarray causing rampant inflation. The unstable economic environment was coupled with uncurbed corruption and nepotism with the Communist Party. Cadres took advantage of the open-door economic policies to financially better themselves and their families. However, the average Chinese citizen’s finical situation lagged behind. As a result, the social unrest brewing within the population was looking for an excuse to explode. The voices advocating change erupted on April 15, 1989, when former Party General Secretary Hu Yaboong died. What began as a mourning of a revered leader, soon turned into a massive student movement calling for political reform. Although the international arena christened the Tiananmen Square student protest during the spring of 1989 a â€Å"Democracy Movement,† the students did not demand a democracy in China. Rather, they wanted specific democratic principles be incorporated into the Communist system. Disillusioned by the Communist Party’s corrupt practices, the students called for reforms that would enable Chinese citizens to have greater personal freedoms under an honest and more open leadership. Webster’s Dictionary defines democracy in several ways. The definition states: a: government by the people; especially rule of the majority. B: a government in which the supreme power is... Free Essays on Tinnenaman Square Free Essays on Tinnenaman Square The Student Movement of Tiananmen Square; A Democratic Movement or Merely a Call for Reform? The economic reforms instituted by Deng Xiaoping during the late 1970’s eased the pressure of daily life for Chinese people. As freedom increased within the economic sector, some Chinese citizens began to call for political change to compliment the increased economic openness. Prior to the spring of 1989, a myriad of economic, political and social problems pervaded Chinese society. The economic reforms that Deng Xiaoping initiated, at first boosted the Chinese economy and then sent it into massive disarray causing rampant inflation. The unstable economic environment was coupled with uncurbed corruption and nepotism with the Communist Party. Cadres took advantage of the open-door economic policies to financially better themselves and their families. However, the average Chinese citizen’s finical situation lagged behind. As a result, the social unrest brewing within the population was looking for an excuse to explode. The voices advocating change erupted on April 15, 1989, when former Party General Secretary Hu Yaboong died. What began as a mourning of a revered leader, soon turned into a massive student movement calling for political reform. Although the international arena christened the Tiananmen Square student protest during the spring of 1989 a â€Å"Democracy Movement,† the students did not demand a democracy in China. Rather, they wanted specific democratic principles be incorporated into the Communist system. Disillusioned by the Communist Party’s corrupt practices, the students called for reforms that would enable Chinese citizens to have greater personal freedoms under an honest and more open leadership. Webster’s Dictionary defines democracy in several ways. The definition states: a: government by the people; especially rule of the majority. B: a government in which the supreme power is...

Understanding Percontation Punctuation Marks

Understanding Percontation Punctuation Marks The percontation mark (also known as the punctus percontativus or  percontation  point) is a late-medieval mark of punctuation (ØŸ) used to signal the close of a rhetorical question. In rhetoric, percontatio is a type of affective (as opposed to information-seeking) question, similar to epiplexis. In The Arte of Rhetoric (1553), Thomas Wilson makes this distinction: We doo aske often-tymes, because we would knowe: we do aske also, because we woulde chide, and sette furthe our grief with more vehemencie, the one is called Interrogatio, the other is percontatio. The percontation mark was used (for a brief period of time) to identify this second type of question. Examples and Observations When punctuation was first invented by Aristophanes, librarian at Alexandria in the 4th century BC, he suggested that readers could use middle ( ·), low (.), and high points (Ë™) to punctuate writing according to the rules of rhetoric. Despite this, it took another two millennia before the eponymous rhetorical question got its own mark of punctuation. Worried that his readers would not catch such a subtle figure of speech, in the late sixteenth century the English printer Henry Denham created the percontation mark- a reversed question markto address the problem. . . .Faced with a wave of apathy, use of the percontation mark had petered out within fifty years of its birth. (Keith Houston, 8 Punctuation Marks That Are No Longer Used. Huffington Post, September 24, 2013)The percontation-mark (or punctus percontativus), the standard Arabic question mark, indicated percontations, questions open to any answer or (more loosely) rhetorical questions, in various books of c.1575-c.1625. T his usage seems to have been invented by the translator Anthonie Gilbie or his printer Henry Denham (a pioneer of the semi-colon): roman examples appear in their psalms of Dauid (1581), black letter ones in Turbervilles Tragicall Tales (1587). It didnt catch on in print because, being reversed, expensive new type was needed, but was used by scribes including Crane, who worked on Shakespeares First Folio: so how did compositors set percontation-marks present in their copy but not type-cases? One possibility is that italic or black letter question-marks amid roman type record otherwise unsettable percontation-marks. (John Lennard, The Poetry Handbook: A Guide to Reading Poetry for Pleasure and Practical Criticism. Oxford University Press, 2005) [Henry] Denham seems to have been interested in punctuation, since two of the books he published in the 1580s contain another new, but rare symbol, the percontativus . . .. This consists of a reversed, but not inverted, interrogativus and is used to mark a percontatio, i.e. a rhetorical question, one which does not require an answer. . . . For the most part 16th- and 17th-century authors and compositors either omitted to mark a percontatio, or used the interrogativus, but the percontativus does appear from time to time in the 17th century: for example, in the holographs of Robert Herrick and Thomas Middleton. (M.B. Parkes, Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation. University of California Press, 1993)

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Obesity - Essay Example This paper seeks to discuss the definition and measurement of obesity, the current state of obesity among high school students, the causes, and the possible measures that can be taken to address the issue. The nature of obesity makes it difficult to clearly define the condition. However, most researchers define obesity as the presence of excessive fat in the body that is characterized by the presence of adipose tissue. Using the above definition, presence of 30% fat in females was considered as obese while for males, presence of 25% fat in the body was considered obese. The Body Mass Index (BMI) is the most common tool used to measure obesity. The BMI is the ratio of an individual’s weight in kilograms to the square of their height in meters. The BMI percentiles are used together with a growth chart to assess levels of obesity among various age groups. Currently, the rate of obesity among high school students stands at 13.7% while the number of overweight students is 16.6% of the total population of high school students in the US. On the boys’ category, the rate of obesity among white American students stands at 16.5%. The rate is slightly higher among Latin American students whose figure stands at 19.0%. However, this rate for African American students with this group’s figure recorded as 14.8%. On the girls’ category, 9.7% of white American students are obese while the figure for Latin American students increases slightly and is recorded at 11.4%. African American students at 16.7% recorded the highest rate of obesity for this category. According to these statistics, African American girls have the highest rate of obesity among high school students white American girls have the lowest rate. Latin American boys have the highest rate among boys. The above statistics indicate that obesity is most prevalent among African American students. White Americans have the smallest rate of

Health Optimisation - Gerontic Nursing Care Essay

Health Optimisation - Gerontic Nursing Care - Essay Example Sullivan (2008) further points out that the patients suffering from dementia and delirium tend to have issues and behavioral problems of the same type including purposeless activity, sleep disorders, inappropriate conduct or aggressiveness. In both cases, the patient is most likely to be disoriented, have hallucination and delusions. Virani et al (2010) adds that patients suffering from dementia are at a high risk of getting into the condition of delirium. However, the overlap does not account for all the symptoms associated with each condition. Each condition has a set of unique symptoms that are entirely different from the other. According to Thomas et al (2008), â€Å"delirium is characterized by acute consciousness disturbances and global changes in cognition†. Moreover the patient can be extremely hyperactive if agitated or extremely hyper alert. On the other hand, Eliopoulos (2010) points out that a delirium patient can be hypoactive if the patient is confused, lethargic or even when sedated. Dementia on the other hand has many characteristics. According to Ouldred et al (2008), â€Å"dementia is characterized by slower move into deficits in cognition that include memory impairment and at least one of the disturbances of cognition such as aspraxia, asphasia, and a disturbed or agnostic executive functioning†. The impairment cause must be significant in occupational or social functioning and represent a great decline from a previous level of functioning. Course of illness According to Miller (2009), delirium is transitory. Its onset is quick and its treatment will remit symptoms. A sudden drop to baseline causes delirium. Dementia on the other hand is characterized by a slow progress and a long-term gradual decline from the baseline. Furthermore, it is chronic, progressive and irreversible. Etiology When comparing both delirium and dementia etiologically, a big difference comes out. Metabolic imbalance, substance abuse, failure of the liver, congestive heart failure or its infection all cause delirium. On the other hand, dementia is mainly caused by degeneration of the nervous system including neurodegenerative diseases and Alzheimer (Waszynski et al, 2008). Treatment According to Saxon et al (2010), the delirium symptoms can be prevented or reversed to prevent further medical or cognitive impairment. Some of the management of delirium, which are non-pharmacological, include steps such as provision of optimized, quite environments, in contrast, the dementia symptoms cannot be remitted but can be managed. Assessment The elderly patients like Mr. Webb are mostly at a higher risk of cognitive disorders. These cognitive disorders can be chronic such as dementia or acute such as delirium. For effective treatment, the first step is clarifying the diagnosis and assessment at onset. However, as Thomas et al (2008) explains, this can be challenging to the elderly patients like Mr. Webb. They often have accompanied medical co-mor bidities that can result to affective and cognitive changes (Gagliardi, 2008). 1. Approach the patient (Mr. Webb) As explained by Gagliardi (2008), I will try to reduce the number of people in the room. As well, as encourage him to rest either on the bed or on the chair. I will initiate a

Is Doubt the Key to Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Is Doubt the Key to Knowledge Essay As a student currently taking the International Baccalaureate, I constantly question the differences between the several areas of knowledge which I study. In a period where technology shows constant developments which trigger new discoveries and establish new facts, a critical outlook is essential in order to assess the validity and limitations of knowledge claims that arise within these fields. The twenty-first century has been called the age of information, where individuals have the ability to communicate freely and where knowledge becomes increasingly accessible. This seems to create an environment where knowledge prospers freely, and where doubt is gradually becoming extinct. However, many still argue that this new age of information bombardment creates a false sensation of certainty, and a series of unsupported convictions. Almost all areas of knowledge have a particular way of achieving values of truth, when that is possible whatsoever. This is directly linked to the ways of knowing in Theory of Knowledge, (emotion, perception, language and reason) as well as through the methods each field uses in its attempts to explain something, or to reach truth. Furthermore, it is important to recognize the several â€Å"paradigm shifts†, as in the term first coined by Thomas Kuhn[1], that change the perception and methods through which we acquire and interpret knowledge, as well as our definition of truth. Scientific certainty derives from countless experimentations and observations, and many debate whether scientific truth can ever be reached. History, on the other hand, is rigorously based on personal experience and interpretation of individual accounts, which allows for partiality and bias. This essay aims to evaluate and distinguish these two areas of knowledge, as well as determine the possible legitimacy and certainty that can be obtained from the knowledge claims produced in each field. Historical analysis is one the most controversial areas of knowledge, possibly due its extremely ambiguous and uncertain nature. Historians may disagree over the causes and consequences of nearly any historical event. It is important to remember that history is based on paradigms. As a result, it s almost impossible to find a particular period in history which has not been marked by disputes between historians, attempting to determine what actually happened. Thomas Carlyle, a 19th century historian and teacher at the University of Edinburgh, once stated that â€Å"The history of the world is but the biography of great men†, an allusion to The Great Man Theory, one of the many paradigms that have bent the shape of historical analysis. If we take the Second World War as an example, it seems as if the historical context of the war is seen through the actions of men such as Adolph Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini and Winston Churchill. Another paradigm that can be observed in historical thought is the â€Å"Rise and Fall† concept, which tends to evaluate the history of empires and historical powers in terms of two phases: the ascent and decline. Examples of this paradigm can be found in many titles of history books: â€Å"The Rise and Fall of the Holy Roman Empire[2]†, â€Å"The Growth and Decline of the French Monarchy[3]†, â€Å"The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich[4]†, amongst others. Furthermore, as we analyze the history of the Second World War, we also find correlations with another historical paradigm, best exemplified by the famous proverb: â€Å"History is written by the victor†. The argument proposed is quite clear; those who triumph at War and reach power will inevitably influence and determine the course of history. In order to better illustrate this claim, two extracts follow, concerning the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941; the first, a broadcast by Winston Churchill to the British people, and finally a speech given by Adolph Hitler in Berlin, proclaiming the invasion of the USSR: â€Å"At 4 oclock this morning Hitler attacked and invaded Russia. (†¦) A non-aggression treaty had been solemnly signed and was in force between the two countries. †¦) Then, suddenly, without declaration of war, German bombs rained down from the sky upon the Russian cities. (†¦) Hitler is a monster of wickedness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [5] Winston Churchill, London, June 22 1941 â€Å"National Socialists! (†¦)The German people have never had hostile feelings toward the peoples of Russia ( ) Germany has never attempted to spread its National Socialist w orldview to Russia. Rather, the Jewish-Bolshevist rulers in Moscow have constantly attempted to subject us and the other European peoples to their rule. (†¦) which were particularly severe for Germans living in the affected nations. †¦) The purpose of this front is no longer the protection of the individual nations, but rather the safety of Europe, and therefore the salvation of everyone. May God help us in this battle. † Adolph Hitler, Berlin, June 25 1941[6] Analyzing both speeches, the difficulties of validating a historical account become quite evident, since there are always several perspectives concerning a specific historical event. As it relates to the ways of knowing, history is extremely dependent on perception and language, making it particularly hard for historians in hindsight to corroborate one account over the other and recognise its legitimacy. However, offering a personal perspective, I would most likely tend to support Churchill’s account of the 1941 Nazi occupation of the USSR. Yet, after exposing the uncertainties and ambiguity of historical knowledge, I begin to question whether or not my perception would differ, had Hitler and the Axis’ forces won the war. Unfortunately, it seems that would most likely be the case. Science is widely regarded as one of the most reliable fields of inquiry. When considering its potential for accurate and impartial conclusions, my initial response was to consider the scientific method the ideal, archetypal model of discovery. History seems simply too inseparable from human emotion and interpretation to produce a constantly indisputable account of facts, while science appears to be the most reliable and precise area of knowledge, solely based on rationality, empirical evidence and observable patterns. The scientific method, starting with a predicted hypothesis, followed by an experiment, collection and interpretation of data, which ultimately leads to a conclusion which could be repeated by any other scientist, gives the impression of being the perfect â€Å"truth formula†. On the other hand, when looking at the progress of science over time, it is important to realize that, together with the other areas of knowledge, real certainty can never be achieved in science. Even when scientific models survive repeated testing which fail to disprove them, they cannot be universally accepted as truths, but only provisional truths that are simply given functional certainty. The Caloric Theory[7], introduced by Lavoisier, was once a commonly accepted theory that was discredited in the 19th century by the mechanical theory of heat introduced by Carnot[8], which later on evolved into the science of thermodynamics. This supports the claim that scientific â€Å"truths† only exist on their specific â€Å"scope of applicability†[9]: â€Å"Science progresses through trial and error, mostly error. Every new theory or law must be skeptically and rigorously tested before acceptance. Most fail, and are swept under the rug, even before publication. Others, like the luminiferous ether[10], flourish for a while, then their inadequacies accumulate till they are intolerable, and they are quietly abandoned when something better comes along. Such mistakes will be found out. Theres always someone who will delight in exposing them.  Science progresses by making mistakes, correcting the mistakes, then moving on to other matters. If we stopped making mistakes, scientific progress would stop. † [11] In conclusion, it seems that uncertainty will always be an indissoluble part of every area of knowledge. We can also conclude that historical and scientific knowledge have an incredibly different way of explaining and interpreting things, mostly due to the ways of knowing, or according to which filter each area of knowledge attempts to express their ideas, and draw conclusions. While many may argue that the main purpose of these areas of knowledge is to explain and generate answers, some would say that their aim is inquiry, and their purpose is to generate questions. If we analyze these fields in hindsight, it is hard to dispute the claim that what we now consider hard facts are simply theories waiting to be discredited by the progress of our existence. Although at first I found myself to be disappointed with my findings, I stand corrected. The pursuit of knowledge, the quest for truth, is a never ending cycle of discoveries, and most importantly rediscoveries. Once we are certain of anything, we kill this cycle, we close the book, and the entire process loses significance and context. In the human drive for knowledge and higher awareness, as in the questions that generate the angst and sorrow of human consciousness, there can never be an unquestionable truth, an indisputable answer, for certainty is an illusion.

Therapeutic Touch : Its Effectiveness On Surgical Incision Site Pain Es

Therapeutic Touch : Its Effectiveness On Surgical Incision Site Pain INTRODUCTION Therapeutic touch has been shown to decrease patients anxiety levels and increase their pain tolerance levels when other more mainstream therapies have not been completely effective. "Therapeutic touch is a process by which energy is transmitted from one person to another for the purpose of potentiating the healing process of one who is ill or injured." (Heidt, 1981; Krieger, 1979; Lionberger, 1985; Randolph, 1984; Kramer, 1990). In my capacity as a nursing student on a medical- surgical unit, I have noticed an increase in pain medication requests among patients with incision site pain and a minimal use of alternative therapies for this pain management. With the use of therapeutic touch nurses can regain a closeness with patients and also have a direct effect on their pain level. Therefore the purpose of this study will be to determine if therapeutic touch is an effective intervention for patients experiencing surgical incision site pain within the first forty-eight hours after surgery. PROBLEM STATEMENT The question posed for study is: "Is therapeutic touch an effective intervention for decreasing a patients surgical site pain within the first forty-eight hours after surgery?". The independent variable is therapeutic touch. The dependant variable is decreasing surgical site pain. The population to be studied will be patients on a thirty bed medical-surgical floor of a Lake Charles hospital. Fifty surgical patients will be studied over a four week period. The patients will be randomly selected to avoid any bias by the researcher. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM "... therapeutic touch is a nursing intervention that has the potential for eliciting a state of physiological relaxation in patients and for decreasing patients anxiety" (Heidt, 1991). The use of therapeutic touch is very important to the nursing community. The need for immediate intervention in acute or chronic pain could be handled at the bedside with no need to await a doctor's order for pharmacological intervention. Anxiety could be lessened to let patients rest more comfortably in the stressful hospital environment. Also teaching could be enhanced in the less anxious and more pain free client.... ...al Nursing, 31, (2), 19-22. Keller, E., MSN,RN-C, Bzdek, V.M., PhD, RN, (1986). Effects of therapeutic touch on tension headache pain. Nursing Research, 35, (2), 101-106. Kramer, N.A., MSN, RN, (1990). Comparison of therapeutic touch and casual touch in stress reduction of hospitalized children. Pediatric Nursing, 16, (5), 483-485. Mathews, K.M., RN, MN, SCM, (1991). Mothers' satisfaction with their neonates' breast feeding behaviors. Journal of Gynecological and Neonatal Nursing, 20, (1), 48-55. Polit, D.F., PhD, Hungler, B.P., RN,PhD, (1993). Essentials of nursing research methods, appraisal, and utilization (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott company. Publication manual of the american psychological association (6th ed.). (1995). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association. Quinn, J.F., RN, PhD, FAAN, Strelkauskas, A.J., PhD, (1993). Psychoimmunologic effects of therapeutic touch on practitioners and recently bereaved recipients: A pilot study. Advances in Nursing Science, 15, (4), 13-26.

How Does Participation in Sports Encourage Positive Youth Development? Essay

Many adults argue that playing sports doesn’t make a difference in the way teenagers or adolescents behave. Many studies show several affects on children’s behavior when they are involved in sports. Different characters such as manners, leadership, social skills, and others are proven to be developed over time within participation in sports. I have found two articles arguing why kids should participate in sports and how it affects their behavior in a positive way. The first article argues First Article: Youth problem behaviors, such as truancy, violence, and substance use, are alarming to parents, teachers and youth alike. These behaviors disrupt the learning environment and lead to serious social and economic problems. Some experts have argued that rather than trying to prevent individual problem behaviors, parents, schools and communities should work towards building a youth’s ability to resist the lure of problem behaviors (Dryfoos, 1990; Werner & Smith, 1992). As youth develop, they need positive settings that offer the opportunity to build these important internal resources (Hawkins & Weiss, 1985). Researchers and teachers have long suggested that extracurricular activity participation can be an important source of positive influence in the lives of youth (Holland & Andre, 1987). This Fact Sheet will explore how youth participation in extracurricular activities can encourage positive youth development. Second Article: is putting a child into a competitive sport beneficial for them? Some people believe competitive sports to have a negative impact on children. It’s hard on their bodies, they tend to put sports before education, and it puts a great deal of pressure on the child to win and if not it can lower the child’s self-esteem. Yes, like everything in life, it has its negatives, but its positives outweigh its negatives by a numerous amount. Competitive sports help children not only physically but mentally and emotionally. Sports can have a great impact on a child’s life and can help them grow not only as an athlete, but as a person. Growing up playing sports you meet many new and different people, which helps you learn how to adapt and get to know new people more quickly. Playing competitive sports, you meet people with the same interests and you can develop long lasting friendships. Children learn to participate as a team not just as an individual; this will be needed throughout someone’s life through jobs relationships, and much more. Character and integrity are associated with competitive sports. These two characteristics are not built through competitive sports, but are revealed in a competition. The hope is that you learn to do the right thing and make the right choices, which is character and integrity at its finest. â€Å"Competitive athletes are consistently involved in situations where they are challenged. This not only occurs on the competitive field of play but in the practice gym as well. When this happens, their level of perseverance and determination will be tested. The hope is that they become stronger within over time† (Mango). They also learn discipline, how to set goals and how to achieve those goals. â€Å"Kids involved in sports are less likes to take drugs or smoke because they realize the impacts that these destructive activities can have upon their performance. Girls who play sports are also less likely to get involved into any sexual activity at a young age. Their hormones are released during sport activity and not just held in so that they feel the need to engage into sexual physical activity at a young age. They are also less likely to get pregnant if their mind is on sports not only because of the hormones put into sports but because they will want to continue their career and not get caught up.

Employee Welfare Measures Questionnaire Essay

Dear Recruiter, Request you to please fill in the questionnaire and help me understand the labour laws compiled in your organisation that will help me to produce factual data to my project. Project Topic: Employee welfare measures followed in small textile units in Bhiwandi city Please be rest assured about maintaining the confidentiality of the data. Your timely help will be highly appreciated. Regards Govind R Sharma MBA (HRM) Pondicherry University Compliance of labours laws & Employee welfare measures Name: Designation: Company: Please fill the column where information sought and reply the questions asked in Yes/ No type question Questions Answers Total employee strength of your company Type of company (Proprietary/ Pvt. Ltd./ Ltd/ listed) Strength of HR team in organization Company type (Indian/ Indian MNC/ Foreign based MNC) Does your company follow Industrial Dispute Act? Does your Organization make deduction to all employees as per ESI Act? Does your Organisation Make Deduction as per PF & MIsc Act? Does your organization follow Maternity Benefit Act, Payment of Wages Act and Payment of Minimum Wages Act? Does your organization follow all the procedures laid down in Factories Act & Shops and Establishment Act? Do you pay equal remuneration to both male and female employees ? Do you think that all the rules laid down on above mentioned Act are employer and employee friendly? What is the amount of Bonus you usually pay to your employees? Do you think that there should be only 5 days working or the daily working hours should not exceed 8 hours or 48 hours in a week? Please mention the various employee welfare programme in your organization beside of those made compulsory by various labour legislation. What is the grievance handling mechanism followed in the organization? What is your view that a small organization having employee strength of 10-30 people cannot implement employee welfare measures as per the prescribed Act or beyond the purview of the Act? Please specify in brief. How many times the Factory Inspector, labour inspector, PF commissioner or officials/ ESI officers visit your organization? Are you happy with their inspection work? Are they employer and employee friendly or believe in making money only? What is the maximum duration any employee stay in your organization? Do you allow them to work in your company more than 5 years? After completing 5 years in your organization, whenever they leave your organization, do you provide them any extra monetary benefits? If yes, please specify the amount. Apart from the salary, what other benefits you provide to your employees? Do you think that providing too many benefits to employees lead to industrial unrest hence they should kept within certain limit? Justify your answer please.

3 Types of Sentence Errors Resulting from Missing Articles

3 Types of Sentence Errors Resulting from Missing Articles 3 Types of Sentence Errors Resulting from Missing Articles 3 Types of Sentence Errors Resulting from Missing Articles By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, lack of an article (a, and, or the) results in a grammatically flawed sentence. Discussion after each example, followed by a revision, identifies the problem. 1. In 2006, The Simpsons television show paid tribute to the 1974 Oakland A’s in an episode. The first instance of the article the, as an element of a composition title, cannot do double duty as an article that performs a grammatical function in the sentence, and the statement must be revised so that it includes such an article: â€Å"In 2006, an episode of the television show The Simpsons paid tribute to the 1974 Oakland A’s.† (However, if â€Å"television show† were omitted from the original sentence, no further revision would be necessary.) 2. During our discussion, we’ll hear insights from a chief financial officer, investment banker, and others. â€Å"Chief financial officer† requires the article that precedes it, while the plural pronoun others does not need one. But â€Å"investment banker† is left in the lurch; it cannot share the article that precedes the first item in the list: â€Å"During our discussion, we’ll hear insights from a chief financial officer, an investment banker, and others.† (Even if a specific designation were to replace others, an article would have to precede each item: â€Å"During our discussion, we’ll hear insights from a chief financial officer, investment banker, and chief risk officer† implies that one person with three roles, rather than three people who each have one role, is being identified.) 3. Live Nation bought a majority stake in Austin City Limits Music Festival, Bonnaroo, BottleRock, Lollapalooza, Governor’s Ball, and Electric Daisy Carnival. Here, some of the listed event names do not require an article, but those that end with a word describing a type of event do: â€Å"Live Nation bought a majority stake in the Austin City Limits Music Festival, Bonnaroo, BottleRock, Lollapalooza, the Governors Ball, and the Electric Daisy Carnival.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-EfficientHow to spell "in lieu of"Types of Plots

Enterprise Reporting and News Stories

Enterprise Reporting and News Stories To a good reporter, many stories are obviously important to cover – a house fire, a homicide, an election, a new state budget. But what about those slow news days when breaking news is sparse and there aren’t any interesting press releases worth checking out? Those are the days when good reporters are working on what they call â€Å"enterprise stories.† They’re the kind of stories that many reporters find the most rewarding to do. What Is Enterprise Reporting? Enterprise reporting involves stories not based on press releases or news conferences. Instead, enterprise reporting is all about the stories a reporter digs up on his or her own, what many people call â€Å"scoops.† Enterprise reporting goes beyond merely covering events. It explores the forces shaping those events. For instance, we’ve all heard stories about recalls of faulty and possibly dangerous products related to children like cribs, toys and car seats. But when a team of reporters at the Chicago Tribune looked into such recalls they discovered a pattern of inadequate governmental regulation of such items. Likewise, New York Times reporter Clifford J. Levy did a series of investigative stories that uncovered widespread abuse of mentally ill adults in state-regulated homes. Both the Tribune and Times projects won Pulitzer prizes. Finding Ideas for Enterprise Stories So how can you develop your own enterprise stories? Most reporters will tell you that uncovering such stories involves two key journalistic skills: observation and investigation. Observation Observation, obviously, involves seeing the world around you. But while we all observe things, reporters take observation one step further by using their observations to generate story ideas. In other words, a reporter who sees something interesting almost invariably asks himself, â€Å"could this be a story?† Let’s say you stop at a gas station to fill up your tank. You see the price of a gallon of gas has risen again. Most of us would grumble about it, but a reporter might ask, â€Å"Why is the price rising?† Here’s an even more mundane example: You’re in the grocery store and notice that the background music has changed. The store used to play the kind of sleepy orchestral stuff that probably no one under 70 would enjoy. Now the store is playing pop tunes from the 1980s and 1990s. Again, most of us would take little notice of this, but a good reporter would ask, â€Å"Why did they change the music?† Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes, and Trends Notice that both examples involve changes – in the price of gas, in the background music played. Changes are something reporters always look for. A change, after all, is something new, and new developments are what reporters write about. Enterprise reporters also look for changes that occur over time - trends, in other words. Discovering a trend is often a great way to start an enterprise story. Why Ask Why? You’ll notice that both examples involve the reporter asking â€Å"why† something was happening. â€Å"Why† is probably the most important word in any reporter’s vocabulary. A reporter who asks why something is happening is beginning the next step of enterprise reporting: investigation. Investigation Investigation is really just a fancy word for reporting. It involves doing the interviews and digging up the information to develop an enterprise story. An enterprise reporter’s first task is to do some initial reporting to see if there really is an interesting story to be written about (not all interesting observations turn out to be interesting news stories.) The next step is to gather the material needed to produce a solid story. So the reporter investigating the rise in gas prices might discover that a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico has slowed oil production, causing the price spike. And the reporter probing the changing background music might find that it’s all about the fact that the big grocery shoppers these days – parents with growing kids – came of age in the 1980s and 1990s and want to hear music that was popular in their youth. Example: A Story About Underage Drinking Lets take one more example, this one involving a trend. Lets say youre the police reporter in your hometown. Every day youre in police headquarters, checking the arrest log. Over a period of several months, you notice a spike in arrests for underage drinking among students from the local high school. You interview the cops to see if beefed-up enforcement is responsible for the increase. They say no. So you interview the principal of the high school as well as teachers and counselors. You also talk to students and parents and discover that, for a variety of reasons, underage drinking is increasing. So you write a story about the problems of underage drinking and how its on the rise in your hometown. What youve produced is an enterprise story, one not based on a press release or a news conference, but on your own observation and investigation. Enterprise reporting can encompass everything from feature stories (the one about changing background music would probably fit that category) to more serious investigative pieces, like the ones cited above by the Tribune and Times.

VeraSun Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

VeraSun Energy - Research Paper Example In order to produce biodiesel from dried distillers grains, VeraSun energy has begun some units in Aurora and South Dakota recently. The major biodiesel product of VeraSun energy is E85, a blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline for use in Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs). E 85 is marketed under the trade name VE 85. The company has around 150 VE85 retail locations fifteen American states. VeraSun energy company holds many â€Å"industry firsts† in its category such as: the first 100 million-gallon-per-year dry-grind production facility, the countrys first branded E85, VE85 ®; the first ethanol producer to form strategic alliances with Ford Motor Company, General Motors, and Enterprise Rent-A-Car to increase awareness and availability of E85, and the first company to place an E85 retail station in the Washington D.C. metro area etc (VeraSun Energy). Even though at the beginning, VeraSun Energy created lot of waves in the energy market, currently it is facing many challenges. In fact it is struggling for survival now. This paper briefly analyses the challenges faced by VeraSun Energy and possible solutions to overcome these challenges. Steil (2008) has mentioned that â€Å"VeraSun Energy has filed for bankruptcy. Its the latest in a series of problems for ethanol producers, whove had to deal with huge swings in corn costs and falling ethanol prices†(Steil). Because of the global recession, the company has faced many challenges in 2008. The demand for its product has come down drastically whereas the prices of the raw materials increased a lot. Corn is the major raw material used by VeraSun Energy to produce bio fuels. The fluctuations in corn prices caused big problems to VeraSun Energy. The company placed bets in heavy amounts on rising prices of corn. But because of the unexpected recession, the corn prices have fallen down and the company faced many challenges. Because of

How Mediation can serve worker's compensation Essay

How Mediation can serve worker's compensation - Essay Example t in the presence of a facilitator to address their dispute and to examine significant ways of resolving it where the offender can fairly compensate the victim. Victim-Offender mediation programs are divided into a number of stages. In all programs however, the first step begins with the referral of an offender to the program, which is usually done by victim assistance staffers or prosecutors or parole officers or judges. Trained mediators are also sought. Before the trained facilitator meets with the victim and offenders for a mediation session, he meets each of them separately and hears the side of each individual. During this meeting, the facilitator explains the program to the individual and encourages the participation of the individual. Through these meetings, the facilitator gains the trust of the victim and offender and is able to create a rapport. After this separate meeting, the victim and offender agree to participate in the reconciliation program and a face-to-face meeting is scheduled by the facilitator. In regard to its history, the victim-offender reconciliation program was first established in Canada in 1974, and in 1978, it was established in the United States.2 Today, the United States has approximately 300 victim-offender reconciliation programs. The reason behind the program’s success in the United States is the fact that accepted the principle of restorative justice. The programs emerged from early dispute resolution programs that were the initial forms of restorative justice. The Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs are categorized into four models. These are church-based programs, community-based programs, probation–based or system-based programs and dispute settlement centers.3 Church-based victim-offender reconciliation programs are based on biblical principles of renewal, reconciliation and pardon and use volunteers. They are viewed as the best by victim-offender reconciliation program advocates.4 This is due to the fact that

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Capable entrepreneurs try to learn in order to find, select, elaborate and communicate the necessity of several effective new opportunities that can create a successful business venture. Successful entrepreneurs generally describe the precious contribution of a new venture and propose a design of business model which can be prolonged by several potential competitive advantages. After the development of business model, the venture team develops a strategy or road map. This developed road map or strategy will help to commercialize the new developed products or services in the potential and competitive market place with a combination of several sustained and stabilized competitive advantages (Byers, Dorf and Nelson, 2012). Entrepreneurs play an important role in the economic development of a country. Entrepreneurs are key contributors to the new job growth and technological innovation. This essay will critically analyze the statement of Kalpan, JM and Warren. Literature Review & Critica l Analysis Entrepreneurship is an important economic growth driver of a country. ... According to several common myths, it can be stated that the entrepreneurs start their business with break-through invention and take uncalculated risks in order to accomplish business goals. According to Allen (2011), entrepreneurs should have effective and detailed business plan with broad research findings. Moreover, the entrepreneurs need to have sufficient financial resources and years of work experience (Allen, 2011, p.56). Taking uncalculated risk is the major objective of a successful entrepreneur while starting a new venture. According to Sahay (2009), there are several important driving forces that create potential opportunity for the new venture (Sahay, 2009, p.121). Securing sufficient capital is an important driving force. In the early stage of business development, the entrepreneurs need to secure business capital. They can think about several options like direct investment or investment through venture capitalist. In terms of investment through venture capitalist, the entrepreneurs should design an effective business plan that can attract the venture capitalists. Reformed securities regulation is another major driving force. It helps the entrepreneurs to find business capital for their new venture. Creating entrepreneurial networks and industry clusters can help the entrepreneurs to develop business contacts. Through this process the entrepreneurs can fill specific industry niches within the networks and clusters. This process is highly beneficial to entrepreneurs and economic development strategies. The entrepreneurs should take important management and financial guidance from several professional small business assistance entities as these lessons are effective for a new

Tata CSR Corporate Social Responsibility Tata Group

Tata CSR Corporate Social Responsibility Tata Group Introduction Definition and History of CSR Corporate social responsibility (CSR) means considering the wellbeing of humanity by taking responsibility of the impact of organizations actions on customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, communities and other stakeholders, as well as the surroundings. Organizations have realized that in addition to growing businesses it is also very important to build responsible and sustainable relationships with the large community. Hence, CSR has become increasingly famous in the Indian corporate scenario and is one of the key drivers of CSR. It was in the early 1970s when the term CSR came in to ordinary use after many international corporations were formed, but rarely abbreviated. The term stakeholder means those impacted by organizations activities. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) defined as the principled behavior of a company towards the general public, evident itself in the form of such noble programs initiated by for-profit organizations. Additional motive for this rapid acceptance of CSR is the state of the Indian society. Though India is one of the fastest growing economies, socio-economic issues like poverty, illiteracy, lack of healthcare etc. are still universally present and the government has limited resources to embark upon these challenges. This state of affairs has opened up several areas for businesses to contribute towards social development. CSR is not a latest notion in India. Corporates like the TATA, ITC, Aditya Birla, and Indian Oil Corporation, are few to name who are involved in helping the society ever since their foundation. Several other organizations through donations and charity events have been doing their part for the society. Today, CSR in India has gone ahead of only charity and donations. It is approached in a more organized and structured fashion. It is now considered as an essential part of the corporate strategy. Companies have CSR teams that develop specific policies, strategies and goals for their CSR programs and set aside budgets to sustain them. These programs are based on a clearly defined social philosophy or are closely aligned with the companys business expertise. Employees volunteer their time and contribute their skills, to implement them and are considered as the backbone of these initiatives. Overall development of a community to supporting specific causes like education, environment, healthcare etc. forms part of CSR programs. Organizations like Bharath Petroleum, Maruti Suzuki India, and Hindustan Unilever, adopt villages where they focus on holistic development. They provide better medical and sanitation facilities, build schools and houses, and help the villagers become self-reliant by teaching them vocational and business skills. This is one of the examples of CSR. On the other hand GlaxoSmithKlines CSR programs primarily focus on health and healthy living. They work in tribal villages where they provide medical check-up and treatment, health camps, health awareness programs, etc. They also provide money, medicines and equipment to non-profit organizations that work towards improving health and education in under-served communities. Many CSR initiatives are implemented by corporate in partnership with Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who are well versed in working with the local communities and are experts in tackling specific social problems. SAP India in partnership with Hope Foundation, an NGO that works for the enhancing the poor and the needy throughout India, has been working on short and long-term transformation initiatives for the tsunami victims. Together, they also started The SAP Labs Center of HOPE in Bangalore, which serves as a home for street children, where they provide food, clothing, shelter, medical care and education. Take the following illustration: Companies need to answer to two aspects of their operations: 1. The quality of their management both in terms of people and processes (the inner circle).   2.The nature of, and quantity of their impact on society in the various areas. Outside stakeholders are taking an increasing interest in the activity of the company. Most look to the outer circle what the company has actually done, good or bad, in terms of its products and services, in terms of its impact on the environment and on local communities, or in how it treats and develops its workforce. Out of the various stakeholders, it is financial analysts who are predominantly focused as well as past financial performance on quality of management as an indicator of likely future performance. Why is CSR important? Consumers investors: growing expectation for organisations to behave responsibly Consumer awareness: Green and Ethical consumerism Legislation: HS, EPA, Sustainability, Codes of Practice Globalisation: Adoption of Best Practice, Consumer Legal Acceptance. Business advantages of CSR: Human Resources Recruitment, retention and morale of Staff Risk Management Investment in ethical brand equity Greenwash effect? Brand Differentiation As USP Build brand loyalty Reputation and brand attractiveness Business Development New markets, products and services Resources Management Better management and conservation of strategic assets Stakeholder Management Better internal and external relationships Freedom of operation: reduce government, public, NGO intervention in organisation History of Tata Group In a free enterprise, the community is not just another stakeholder in business but is in fact the very purpose of its existence. Jamsetji N. Tata, Founder, Tata Group The Trusts Vision: Shri Ratan Tatas thoughts, in 1913, on the manner in which the Trusts fund could be used: .. for the advancement of Education, Learning and Industry in all its branches, including education in economy, sanitary science and art, or for the relief of human suffering or for other works of public utility To engage qualified and competent persons to study into matters that pertain to the social, economic or political welfare of the Indian community, the object being to design schemes of a practical nature calculated to promote the well-being of the said community, care being taken that such work is not undertaken from the stereotype point of view but from the point of view of fresh light that is thrown from day to day by the advance of science and philosophy on problems of human well-being Further he also directed that: No experiment and no venture should be aided or undertaken unless the scheme thereof is carefully prepared No institution or organization should be aided of which the accounts are not subject to periodical audits and are not regularly issued and which would not be open to inspection and examination. Industry Profile of the TATA Group The Tata Group comprises 114 operating companies in seven business sectors: Tata Auto Comp Systems Automotive Tata Steel Materials Tata Power Energy Rallis India Chemicals Tata Realty and Infrastructure Service Tata Tea Consumer Products Tata Technologies Information Systems and Communications Globally: The Tata Group has operations in more than 54 countries. The companies export products and services to 120 nations, across six continents. The Tata Group is one of Indias principal and most valued business multinationals, with revenues in 2005-06 of $21.9 billion (Rs 967,229 million), the equivalent of about 2.8 per cent of the countrys GDP, and a market capitalization of $55.1 billion. Tata companys total employee strength is around 2,46,000. Amongst the 28 public listed enterprises of Tata Group are Tata Steel, Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Motors and Tata Tea have a combined market capitalization that is the maximum among Indian business houses in the private sector, and a shareholder base of over 2 million. The five core values of Tata family are integrity, understanding, excellence, unity and responsibility. Purpose of the TATA Group: To improve the quality of life of the societies they serve. The Group brings a unique set of competences through leadership in sectors of national economic significance. This requires them to grow assertively in focused areas of business. Their legacy of returning to society what they earn put forward trust among consumers, employees, shareholders and the community. The TATA represents leadership with trust in a exceptional way. Milestones: 1868 In the mid 19th century, TATA Group was started by Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata 1874 The Group entered into textiles by setting up the Central India Spinning, Weaving and Manufacturing Company. 1902 Taj Mahal Palace and Tower, Indias first luxury hotel, opened in 1903. 1907 Indias 1st Iron and Steel plant in Jamshedpur is The Tata Iron and Steel Company (now Tata Steel) the plant began its production in 1912. 1968 Indias 1st software Services Company is established as a division of Tata Sons called Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). 1995 Tata QMS institutes the JRD QV Award, modeled on the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Value Award of the United States, this laid basis of the Tata Business Excellence Model. 1998 Tata Indica, started by Tata Motors is Indias first indigenously designed and manufactured car. 2000 The first major acquirement of an international brand by an Indian business group was Tata Tea acquiring the Tetley Group, UK 2006 Launched Credit Card In Kolkata, the foundation stone for the Tata Medical Centre was shown. MCA-2, Indias largest e-governance initiative was launched by TCS. For the third time, Tata Steel ranked worlds best steel maker by World Steel Dynamics. US-based Eight O Clock Coffee was acquired by Tata Coffee. Tata Sky satellite television service was launched across the country. 2007 In a wider leap, the Anglo-Dutch steel major Corus has vaulted the former to the fifth position from 56th in global steel production capacity, in the Tata Steels acquisition TATA Singur project MB Kulkarni, General Manager (Construction) of Tata Motors, Our work plans are planned in such a way that whatever are the product target dates, in 2008 rolling of the vehicle will take place. Group Chairman Ratan Tatas dream peoples car will be rolled out by next year. For the factory 700 acres of land will be used and manpower has been planned and organized for the construction. TATAs Corporate Social Responsibility SILVER LININGS The company has streamlined its CSR activities into four major areas: HEALTH EMPLOYABILITY EDUCATION ENVIRONMENT Health: The World Health Organization defines health as a state of complete mental, physical and social well-being and not merely the absence of infirmity or disease. The health status is usually measured in terms of life expectancy at birth, fertility rate, infant mortality rate, crude birth/death rate. According to the Country Health System Profile, World Health Organization, public health infrastructure in rural India consists of a 3 tier system: A sub centre for every 5,000 population with a male and female worker, A Primary Health Centre (PHC) for every 30,000 population with a medical doctor and other paramedical staff, and A Community Health Centre (CHC) for every 100,000 population with 30 beds and basic specialists. In urban areas, it is 2 tier systems with Urban Health Centre (UHC)/Urban Family Welfare Centre (UFWC) for every 100,000 population followed by general hospital. The existing public health infrastructure is not evenly distributed across the States. Many institutions are not functional due to staff shortage and non-availability of drugs and consumables and essential equipment. As a result of such inadequate public health facilities, it has been estimated that less than 20 percent of the population, which seek OPD services, and less than 45 percent of that which seek indoor patient treatment, avail of such services in public hospitals. A large portion of population seek medical care services from private sector despite the fact that most of these patients do not have the means to make out-of-pocket payments for private health services (National Health Policy 2002). Keeping these figures in mind, the Company has launched several initiatives for improving the health status of community members in the CSR project areas across locations. The initiatives include both preventive as well as curative health care services. In addition, infrastructural development for ensuring a perennial supply of clean drinking water and improved health through better sanitation facilities is also included in the CSR program of the Company. Figures for 2006 : Alignment to Millennium Development Goals Impact in 2007-08 Millennium Development Goals 5: Improve Maternal Health Institution of Village Health Workers established Community members identified and trained for providing basic health care to village communities Antenatal cate and anaemua detection and treatment for 590 women Millennium Development Goals 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases Curative Preventive health services were provided to over 92,390 people through the Companys community health programmes, including immunization drives for polio, measles. Special country-wide programmes were conducted for drivers during service camps. 46,548 drivers availed of the free general health and eye check-up camps and AIDS awareness programmes Employability Employability facts Annually Indias labour force is growing at a rate of 2.5% and employment only by 2.3% Indias workforce is self-employed by 60%. Around 30% are casual workers i.e. they work only when they are able to get jobs and remain unpaid for the rest of the days In the Unorganized sector Approximately, approximately 90% of the labour force is employed, i.e. sectors which do not provide other benefits of employment combined with the social security Organized sector. In addition to the Apprenticeship programmes that are run within the premises of the manufacturing units, as per the Apprenticeship Act 1961, the Company has also initiated several efforts to enhance employability of youth. To upgrade the quality of Industrial Training Institute (ITIs), the company has built public-private partnership with government authorities. In the year 2007-08, the upgradation process has been initiated in four it is, who are equipped with latest machines and tools. To understand the manufacturing processes, the students have been taken on exposure visits and for their faculty, Train the Trainer programmes have been organized. Technical and vocational programmes are run for rural youth from the project areas, like Motor Mechanic Vehicle Trade Course, electrical, welding, a/c refrigeration, computer skills, bee-keeping, etc. Special programmes are also run for women including sewing training, beautician courses, manufacturing food products and utility items and cable harnessing and assembly work. More than 9,000 youth and women have benefited from these programmes across Companys locations. Alignment to Millennium Development Goals Impact in 2007-08 Millennium Development Goals 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger The Company has identified 10 ITIs across the country to upgrade their facilities and enhance the relevance of their programmes to industry needs, as a part of its skill development programme, In 2007-08, four ITIs have been covered. Training in various technical and vocational trades was given to around 1,085 youth from areas adjecent to the Companys plants. Over 350 local youth have been trained in partnership with the government and the social sector, making them employable at the new plant location of Singur. All 18 students of the Company-supported Mechanic Motor Vehicle Trade Course, 2007-08, in association with the Ramakrishna Mission at Sakwar, Thane district, Maharashtra, have been successfully placed at the Companys dealerships. Two students from the previous batch have been facilitated to become entrepreneurs and have opened their own workshop on the Mumbai-Ahemedabad Highway Millennium Development Goals 3: Promote gender equality and empower women To make the women economically independent, around 1,058 women have been trained in utility items, manufacturing food products and, beautician courses, sewing Education The root of poverty often lies in illiteracy. Social infrastructure like education is as important as physical infrastructure, not only for sustaining high growth but also for enhancing welfare. Education Facts About India Less than half of Indias children between the age 6 and 14 go to school A little over one-third of all children who enroll in grade one reach grade eight Children aged 6 14 years do not attend school, the count of which is atleast 35 million 52% of girls in the age group of 5 to 9 years are illiterate 53% of habitation has a primary school 20% of habitation has a secondary school In nearly 60% of schools, not more than one or two teachers are there to teach Classes I to V The reasons for leaving given by 3 in every four drop-outs are need to work to support their families, little interest in studies and high cost of private education Contribution of Tata Motors towards improving education through infrastructural development for promoting schooling among the villagers and through upgradation of educational facilities like building computer laboratories, sports ground, etc. and organising training to teachers programmes to better the quality of education. Alignment to Millennium Development Goals Impact in 2007-08 Millennium Development Goals 1: Achieve universal primary education: From over 25 villages, infrastructure was improved in 13 schools, promoting higher education for 2,000 children. From across 33 schools, Shiksha Prasar Kendra, a Tata Motors society at Jamshedpur, supported 18,000 students of which 7,500 are girls Quality of education improved: In 4 schools Teachers training programme was conducted With participation from over 4,300 students, extra-curricular activities was organised in 31 schools In West Bengal at Beraberi High School, Singur, computer labratory was built 375 students were awarded with scholarships for higher studies Environment Climate Change is the environmental issue facing the world today, which is any long-term significant change in the average weather experienced by a given region. Facts on Environment Reports concluded by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are: Since the mid-20th century most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, land surface changes and aerosols, it is likely that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750. Anthropogenic aerosols produce a net negative radiative forcing (cooling influence) with a greater magnitude in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere The IPCC, which represents consensus in the scientific community, defines extremely likely, virtually certain, very likely, and as indicating probabilities greater than 90%, 95%, and 99%, respectively. Tata Group places a special emphasis on environmental and ecological issues in view of the threat to environment. The Groups efforts to preserve and regenerate environment find expression in the slew of projects and programmes it has undertaken in and around its facilities and operations. In this context a focus area for the group is the climate change crisis. Tata Motors beliefs on sustainability have led to a corporate policy that emphasises environment preservation, the Company works on projects that include reducing effluents and emissions, maintaining local ecologies, repairing green cover and improving long term corporate sustainability. Alignment to Millennium Development Goals and Bharat Nirman Target Impact in 2007-08 Millennium Development Goals 7: Ensure environment sustainablity With an 80% survival rate, over 175,242 saplings have been planted. To promote use of environment-friendly practices smokeless chullahs has been constructed. Agricultural training was given to minimize the use of environmentally hazardous methods and materials. Provide awareness camps on environment related issues. Bharat Nirman Target: 10 million hectares of additional irrigarion capacity to be created by 2009 Check dams and community irrigation wells have been constructed at villages near Pune, improved irrigation to augmenting incomes of families. In Jamshedpur, in over 152 acres tree plantation has extensively been carried out and 85 acres of land has been brought under irrigation Other CSR Objectives Sumant Moolgaokar Development Foundation Sumant Moolgaokar Development Foundation (SMDF) has been founded in memory of our ex-chairman Late Shri Sumant Moolgaokar with a view to perpetuate his exemplary work in rural development. Tata Steel has evolved, over the years, an encompassing culture of social responsibility that not only sustains but also enriches the lives of the communities it supports. The companys corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy was inspired by Jamsetji Tatas conviction that, In a free enterprise, the community is not just another stakeholder, but is, in fact, the very purpose of its existence. Tata Steels approach to its business has evolved from this concept and the wealth it has created is continuously returned to the people through its community initiatives. And they are following the saying of their ancestors as: Tata Steel CSR team was to work for the welfare of the socially and economically disadvantaged communities living in and around its areas of operation, including the mines and collieries serving the plant. The basic concept of Tata Steel Parivar originates from the century old Corporate Social Responsibility of the Company, which is aptly defined as: Tata steel believes that the primary purposes of the business is to improve the quality of the life. New Life with a New Hope The Commitment of Tata Steel for improving the quality of life of the displaced families has led to the creation of the Tata Steel Parivar concept and each displaced family will be a member of the Tata Steel Parivar. Over the years, its initiatives have encompassed provision of: Healthcare services, Drinking water, Rain water harvesting, Tribal development, Relief and rehabilitation endeavors, Income and employment generation, Womens health and education, Awareness programmers on the ill-effects of drugs, Alcohol and HIV/AIDS, and Patronage to sports and cultural activities. Achievements of TATA Groups CSR Tata Steels Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives have earned the steel giant the UK trade Investment (UKTI) India Business Award 2009. Besides acquiring businesses around the world, the Tata group now plans to introduce the world to the Tata way of doing business. The group plans to take overseas the Tata trusts and all the community work that it does as part of its international corporate social responsibility. Tatas Endeavour to strengthen the fabric of India has manifested itself in multiple ways. A crucial component of the Tata idea of nation building was, and remains, the creation and sustaining of exceptional institutions of learning, research, knowledge and intellectual capital. It had created a land mark in educational sector and environmental sector, this can be seen as: TATA GROUP is boomining in every sector whether it is business or corporate social responsibility because: TATAS Commitment to the Environment: The Tata ethos places a special emphasis on environmental and ecological issues. Its efforts to preserve and regenerate the environment find expression in the slew of projects and programmers it has undertaken in and around its facilities and operations. A focus area, in this context, is the climate change crisis. Tata companies work on projects that include repairing green cover, reducing effluents and emissions, maintaining local ecologies and improving long term corporate The Tata group has a set of explicit guidelines on environmental and ecological issues, and a broad range of policies aimed at helping Tata companies protect, conserve and restore our natural resources. The Three Pillars of Sustainability 2020 Adapting to New Markets: Internal Sustainability Jamsetji Tata, the founder of the Tata Group, predicated economic success on putting the community first and investing patiently in social initiatives 140 years ago. Till date, this strategy has enabled Tata to excel in India. A big reason for this is the brand recognition that Tata enjoys in India. However, brand recognition is less of a competitive advantage as Tata expands globally. Many argue that given the current heightened pace of globalization and change in technology, Tatas tenet of investing in long-term social initiatives threatens its short-term competitiveness. The first challenge that Tata must address is to align its existing Corporate Social Responsibility policies, both internal (in regards to the treatment of its workers and green initiative) as well as external (support for surrounding communities) with the customs and challenges of the new markets in which it operates. While Tata created a synergy between Corporate Social Responsibility and profits in India, it must recognize that, going forward, no one-size-fits-all Corporate Social Responsibility strategy exists. In order to facilitate a more effective alignment of local concerns with Tatas global Corporate Social Responsibility efforts, we propose setting up a New Markets Corporate Social Responsibility Committee under the TCCI that will be tasked with collaborating with local executives, as well as civic and governmental leaders to identify and drive social initiatives that will best benefit the communities in the new markets that Tata operates in. As the Tata Groups operations grow physically segregated, it becomes more difficult to align activities with their values and purpose. To ensure this, we propose that the voluntary Tata Index be made mandatory and moved under the TQMS group. To ensure fairness across companies that have different levels of operations within and outside India, the New Markets Corporate Social Responsibility Committee will be responsible for formulating the New Markets Multiplier Factor, which will normalize the Tata Index to a common denominator for all group comp anies. The next 10 years will be vital in the evolution of Tata as a global brand, and these steps will ensure that domestic operations support the continued growth of Tatas global brand and its reflection of leadership in the field of corporate social responsibility. Stepping it up a Notch: Evaluating Product Lifecycle Impact on Society Throughout its history, the Tata group has been considered a poster child of ideal corporate citizenship throughout India. As Tata continues to expand globally, its responsibilities towards its stakeholders investors, employees, and communities are changing. If anything, they are on the rise. Tata must increasingly look beyond its own operations, and consider the impact of its products, both good and bad, on not just the groups direct shareholders, but on the society as a whole. This focus on stakeholders will lead to a sustainable competitive advantage and increased profits both. To this we propose a Product Lifecycle Impact Metric (Exhibit 3). This metric will quantify the projected impact of the Tata Groups products and services over their expected lifetimes. While taking the positive impact of the products and services (such as increased customer productivity, above average fuel mileage, more affordable products etc.) into consideration, this metric will also account for the negative impacts on society (such as increased traffic clogging, environmental effects etc.). While an exact measurement would be impossible to obtain, by working within a structured framework, and with the input of social and civic leaders, Tata could effectively estimate these impacts across their various industries. We are aware that certain businesses or products, though highly profitable, are more prone to have higher negative impacts on society. For instance, while some concerns regarding the Nano have already been mentioned, one would be hard pressed to find many negative lifecycle impacts of the watches manufactured by Titan Industries (besides the manufacturing, shipping, and eventual dispos

Marlows Racism in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Da

Marlow's Racism in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heart of Darkness is an intriguing story as well as a symbol for Joseph Conrad's social commentary on imperialism.   Marlow's journey takes him deep into the African Congo where he bears witness to a number of life-altering revelations.   He beholds his most striking revelation when he begins to compare the "civilized European man" with the "savage African man."   These two opposing forces represent the two conflicting viewpoints present in every dilemma, be it cultural, social, or otherwise.   As a modern European man who believes religiously in imperialism, Marlow is inherently arrogant.   Yet, although he cannot accept the African jungle as being equally important as imperialism, his experiences there lead him to believe otherwise.   Essentially, this is Marlow's inner conflict.   Everything he has believed in his entire life seems to crumble around him.   His view of the civilized white man becomes tainted when he sees that society is merely a form of delusion, denying its members the greater truth of the world.   â€Å"The superficial boundaries of society have no meaning in the jungle, and Marlow has trouble dealing with this revelation†(Bancroft 37).   Marlow's inability to accept this initially prevents him from eliminating his intellectual arrogance and feelings of moral superiority over the savages.   For the most part, Marlow is unaware of his prejudicial attitude, but he eventually comes to realize the whole truth of the world.  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marlow says that the colonizer who goes to Africa must meet the jungle with " 'hi... ... Guerard, Albert J. (1979) Conrad the Novelist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Hawthorn, Jeremy (1990) Joseph Conrad: Narrative Technique and Ideological Commitment. London & New York: Routledge. Henricksen, Bruce (1992) Nomadic Voices: Conrad and the Subject of Narrative. Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Hubbard, Francis A. 1984 (1978) Theories of Action in Conrad. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research P. Junter, Allan (1983) Joseph Conrad and the Ethics of Darwinism. London & Camberra: Croom Helm. Singh, Frances B.   Conrad and Racism: Oliver & Boyd. 1968 Scheick, William J. (1994) The Ethos of Romance at the Turn of the Century. Austin: Univ.Texas Press. Watts, Cedric. A Preface to Conrad. Essex: Longman Group UK Limited, 1993.

In the play “Twelfth Night” Shakespeare bases the plot around a variety of different themes

In the play ‘Twelfth Night', Shakespeare bases the plot around a variety of different themes. The themes of disguise, music, loss and death are subtly introduced, however, the main theme of love is dramatically introduced by Orsino's first line; ‘If music be the food of love play on'. As well as using a variety of themes, ‘Twelfth Night' incorporates the different kinds of love that can have an effect on people. These types of love range from brotherly love to instantaneous love and from unrequited love to impossible love. The use of the theme of love enables almost everybody to relate to events in the play. Love evokes a number of emotions and is a main ingredient, which brings comedy into the play. In Act 1:1 we see Olivia's reaction to the death of her brother. Olivia takes grieving very seriously; ‘†¦she hath abjured herself from the sight and company of men', and takes a vow of chastity. She plans to mourn her brother for seven years and she hides herself from the world; ‘But like a cloisters she will veilà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d walk'. Olivia chooses to dwell on her loss and her strict mourning period could be seen as selfish as life must go on. However, Olivia uses her brother's death to shut herself away from life. In Act 1:5 Feste tries to prove Olivia a fool for taking her mourning period to such an extent. Feste cleverly tells Olivia that her brother's soul is in hell. She protests and insists that his soul is in heaven; Feste then uses his quick-witted nature and says; ‘The more fool madonna, to mourn for your brother's soul being in heaven†¦' Another example of brotherly love is shown when we meet Viola after the shipwreck in Act 1:2. She too ‘suffers the loss' of a beloved brother but unlike Olivia, Viola takes decisive action following his apparent death. She reacts sensibly and practically to a traumatic situation. She desperately wants her brother to be alive; ‘O my poor brother! And so perchance may he be!'. However she realises that she must react calmly and productively to get by in life; ‘I'll serve this Duke†¦.'. Viola's love for Sebastian makes her determined and persistent to carry on. In Act 2:1 we see Sebastian's caring nature and his mourning for his sister; ‘She is drownà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d already, sir, with salt water though I seem to drown her remembrance again with more'. Sebastian shows intense feelings of love and the desire to be reunited with his sister. When he sees Viola dressed as Cesario, he says if she were a woman; ‘I should let tears fall upon your cheek, And say, ‘Thrice welcome, drownà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d Viola'. Viola's determination and Sebastian's deeply affectionate feelings towards his sister depict the closeness between he siblings. Instantaneous love is the most frequent type of love experienced by the characters throughout the play. In Act 1:1 we learn how Orsino fell in love with Olivia from a distance; ‘When mine eyes did first see Olivia first, me thought she purged the air of pestilence'. This sighting of Olivia puts Orsino in a melodramatic, melancholy, lovesick mood. These feelings, however, start to eat away at him. Here he uses food imagery, ‘If music be the food of love play on' and also shows his changeable fickle character when he says, ‘Enough; no more. ‘Tis not so sweet now as it was before.' This could also mean that if he has too much of a good thing, i.e. love, he will become sick of it and stop loving Olivia. Orsino can't express his feelings for Olivia and it is not long before we find that Olivia is actually in love with Viola/Cesario. We know that this is instantaneous love because Viola is dressed as a man, and she has fallen for his appearance. It is evident that Olivia likes Viola/Cesario because she takes off her veil, ‘†¦in the sight and company' of a ‘man', when he/she comes to woo her for Orsino. She tells Viola/Cesario that she cannot love Orsino and says, ‘Let him no more-unless you come to me again.' Here she tells Orsino to stop wooing her, unless he is to send Viola/Cesario to do so. Olivia does not comprehend how it is possible to fall in love so quickly; ‘Even so quickly may one catch the plague?'. ‘To creep in at mine eyes' could also indicate love at first sight. Desperate to see Viola/Cesario again, Olivia sends Malvolio after the youth, telling him; ‘He left this ring behind him'. It is in Act 2:2when Malvolio confronts Viola with the ring, Viola realises that Olivia loves her; ‘She loves me sure; the cunning of her passion, Invites me in this churlish messenger.' Instantaneous love is also introduced when Olivia and Sebastian meet, when she tries to prevent Sir Toby from drawing sword on whom she believes to be Cesario. Sebastian immediately falls in love with Olivia; ‘If it be thus a dream, still let me sleep!' and despite her calling him Cesario, agrees to marry her. Although Orsino loves Olivia for her outward appearance he also falls for Cesario's inner character. He appreciates Viola/Cersario's trustworthy character and after only a short period of time a strong bond ahs between the two; ‘I have unclasped to thee my secret soul'. In Act 1:5 Orsino comments on Viola's womanly attributes and nature; ‘Diana's lip is not more smooth and rubious; thy small pipe is as the maiden's organ shrill and sound'. This is a good example of irony as Orsino is not yet aware that Viola/Cesario is actually a woman. After spending much time alone with Orsino, Viola falls in love. Her feelings start to fester, as she can't express her love due to her disguise; ‘But let concealment like a worm i'th' bud Feed on her damask cheek'. Viola is very subtle about her feelings towards Orsino yet she cleverly and indirectly tells him that she loves him; ‘As it may be perhaps, were I a woman, I should your lordship.' It is in Act 5:1 that Viola openly declares her love for Orsino. Orsino angrily leaves and Viola follows telling Olivia that she is going; ‘After him I love, more than I love these eyes, more than my life. ‘ This explicit declaration of love comes despite Viola being disguised as a man. She also declares her love implicitly in the ‘willow cabin' speech in Act 1:5 during, which she expresses the passion and rawness in the love that she has for Orsino. Impossible/forbidden love is also featured in the play. In Act 1:3 Sir Andrew tells of how he plans to woo Olivia but worries; ‘Your niece will not be seen, or if she be, it's four to one, she'll none of me'. Sir Toby, then, misleadingly says to Sir Andrew; ‘Tut there's life in't man.' Here Sit Toby is telling Sir Andrew where there is life there is hope. Sir Andrew does not realise when people are taking advantage of his gullibility to make him the butt of their jokes. In Act 3:2 Sir Toby persuades Sir Andrew to challenge Viols/Cesario to a duel in order to impress Olivia; ‘there is no love-broker in the world can more prevail in mans commendation with woman that report valour.' In a final attempt to woo Olivia Sir Andrew agrees to the duel with Cesario. This is an example of irony, as we know his attempts will not be triumphant as Olivia is in love with Cesario. Malvolio also has feelings for Olivia but his feelings are for selfish motives; ‘To be count Malvolio!' Here Malvolio dreams of marrying Olivia even though he is merely a steward. He then says ;'There is example for it: the Lady of the Strachy married the yeoman of the wardrobe.' He says this to justify his dreams and to make himself believe that he will have a chance of ‘love' with Olivia. He is gulled into feeling that he in fact does have a chance with Olivia when Maria leaves a fraudulent letter ‘from Olivia'. Malvolio's self-love allows him to assure himself that Olivia did in fact write the letter and that she does love him. Malvolio doesn't need much persuading and he immediately sets about following the letters instructions; ‘He's in yellow stockings' which are ‘most villainously cross gartered.' It seems that Malvolio ‘does obey every point of the letter', showing his foolish, self-absorbed nature. We, again, know that Malvolio doesn't have a chance of happiness with Olivia, not only because she is in love with Cesario but also because he is ‘merely a steward'. One of the more successful relationships that develops from friendship to love is that between Sir Toby and Maria. In the earlier scenes of the play we see the flourishing relationship between the two. They subtly show their feelings to one another throughout the play. This is evident whilst they indulge in verbal banter. Maria makes their early friendship obvious when she tells how she worries about Toby's luxurious lifestyle; ‘That drinking and quaffing will undo you'. Toby, however, expresses his feelings in a more crude way; ‘board her, woe her, assail her'. The formulating plan to ‘gull' Malvolio strengthens Maria and Toby's relationship; ‘I could marry that wench for this device'. Toby refers to Maria using comic comparisons, ‘she is a beagle true bred' and ‘good night Penthesila', commenting on her diminutive size. In Act 2:5 Toby greet Maria with; ‘How now, my metal of India?' proving that he thinks highly of her, comparing her to pure gold. We see how far their relationship has progressed when in Act 5:1 Fabian informs the characters; ‘Maria writ the letter, at Sir Toby's great importance, In recompense whereof he hath married her'. The most memorable example of love in the play is that of Orsino's for Viola. Not only does the idea of a man falling for ‘another man' add comedy value to the play, it also provides some touching heart rendering scenes. Many of these scenes evoke sympathy towards Viola as she can't express her returned feeling for Orsino due to her disguise; ‘my father had a daughter loved a man as it might be perhaps, where I a woman I should your lordship'. In Twelfth Night the theme of love brings comedy to the play and evokes a number of feelings such a sympathy, wonder, confusion and of course laughter. It also confronts issues, which many people can relate to, making Twelfth Night a fun and memorable play.